Wahalar masana'anta high-karshen ɗaukas

01 A cikin ɗigon motsi na farko na linzamin kwamfuta, an sanya jeri na sandunan katako a ƙarƙashin skid. 

Ana iya samun wannan dabara tun lokacin da aka gina dala na Kafra, duk da cewa babu wata kwakkwarar hujja tukuna. Motsin motsi na layi na zamani suna amfani da ƙa'idar aiki iri ɗaya, amma amfani da rollers maimakon rollers.

Daga maɓuɓɓugan ƙafa masu nauyi da kayan aikin injin zuwa daidaitattun sassan agogo, ana buƙatar bearings na juyawa a aikace-aikace da yawa. Mafi sauƙin jujjuyawar juzu'i shine ɗaukar hannun hannu. An maye gurbin wannan ƙirar ta hanyar birgima, waɗanda suka yi amfani da rollers masu yawa don maye gurbin na asali. busar da kais. Mai yin agogo John Harrison ne ya ƙirƙira farkon juzu'i a cikin 1760 don yin lokacin H3.

An samo misalin farko na wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a wani tsohon jirgin ruwa na Romawa a tafkin Naimi, Italiya. An yi amfani da ƙwallon katako don tallafawa tebur mai juyawa. An gina jirgin a shekara ta 40 BC. Daga cikin abubuwan da ba su da girma na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, yana da matukar muhimmanci cewa ƙwallo za su yi karo, yana haifar da ƙarin juzu'i.

Philip Vaughn ya samu lambar yabo ta farko akan tashar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa a shekara ta 1794. A cikin 1883, Friedrich Fisher ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da injunan samarwa da suka dace don niƙa ƙwallayen ƙarfe masu girman girman iri ɗaya da daidaitaccen zagaye, wanda ya aza harsashin ƙirƙirar ɗaurin. masana'antu. A cikin 1907, Sven Winquist na masana'antar ɗaukar ƙwallon SKF ya tsara farkon wasan ƙwallon ƙwallon mai daidaita kai na zamani.

Dangane da nau'in lamba na motsi na dangi, an raba bearings zuwa: ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwanƙwasa allura, ƙwanƙwasa abin nadi, ɗigon zamewa, bearings masu sassauƙa, bearings na iska, ƙwanƙolin dakatarwa na maganadisu, ɗigon jauhari da mai ɗauke da mai.

02Ko da yake tsarin ɗaukar hoto yana da sauƙi

Yawancin ƙananan tarurrukan na iya yin shi, amma ɗaukar hoto yana da babban abun ciki na fasaha, kuma ana iya amfani dashi azaman ma'auni mai mahimmanci don auna ƙarfin kimiyya da fasaha na ƙasa. Ƙarfin duniya na yau na kimiyya da fasaha, ba tare da togiya ba, iko ne na ɗaukar R & D da masana'antu.

Fiye da kashi 70 cikin 23 na kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta duniya manyan kamfanoni goma na duniya ne ke mamaye da su, wanda Amurka ke da kashi 21%, Tarayyar Turai tana da kashi 19%, Japan tana da kashi XNUMX%. Kasuwar kasuwancin duniya ta kasance tana mamaye da kamfanoni biyar kamar NSK a Japan, kamfanoni biyu da suka hada da SKF a Sweden, FAG a Jamus, da kamfanoni da yawa kamar Timken a Amurka.

A sa'i daya kuma, kamfanonin da aka ambata a baya sun mamaye kasuwannin da ke kan gaba a duniya, yayin da kasuwar da ba ta da tushe ta fi karkata a kasar Sin. Kamfanoni 10 mafi girma a cikin kasar Sin, irin su tile shafts, sun kai kashi 24.7% na tallace-tallacen masana'antar, kuma babban adadin samar da kayayyaki 30 shine kawai 37.4%.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana'antar sarrafa kayayyaki ta kasar Sin sun kafa wani tsari na tsarin masana'antu masu cin gashin kansu da kuma cikakke. Ba tare da la'akari da abin da ake fitar da kayayyaki ko tallace-tallace ba, kasar Sin ta shiga sahun manyan kasashen masana'antu da kuma matsayi na uku a duniya. Bayanai sun nuna cewa, a shekarar 2017, babban kudin shigar da kamfanoni ke samu sama da girman da aka kebe a masana'antar hada-hadar kudi ta kasar Sin ya kai yuan biliyan 178.8, kuma adadin da aka samu ya kai jeri biliyan 21. Yana iya samar da bearings jere daga 0.6 mm a cikin diamita na ciki zuwa 11 m diamita na waje, tare da jimlar fiye da 90,000 ƙayyadaddun bayanai.

Daga shekarar 2006 zuwa 2017, karuwar darajar da kasar Sin ta samu wajen fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje ba ta da kyau, kuma yawan karuwar da ake samu ya zarce na shigo da kaya daga kasashen waje. rarar cinikin shigo da kaya da fitar da kayayyaki ya nuna ana samun ci gaba. A shekarar 2017, rarar cinikayyar ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1.55. Idan aka kwatanta da farashin naúrar kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su daga waje da na waje, bambamcin farashin da ke tsakanin kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su daga waje da na kasar Sin ya yi yawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma bambancin farashin yana raguwa kowace shekara, lamarin da ke nuni da cewa, ko da yake har yanzu fasahohin da masana'antun kasar Sin ke da su. yana da wani gibi tare da matakin ci gaba, har yanzu yana kamawa. A sa'i daya kuma, yana nuna halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu na wuce gona da iri na masu karamin karfi da kuma rashin isassun manyan kusoshi a kasar Sin.

A halin yanzu, ƙira da fasaha na masana'anta na ƙirar gida ana yin koyi da su, ƙarfin haɓaka samfuran ba shi da ƙarfi, har ma ba komai a cikin bincike da haɓaka wasu fasahohi masu mahimmanci. Ko da yake madaidaicin adadin manyan firam ɗin cikin gida ya kai kashi 80 cikin XNUMX, amma goyon baya da kulawa ga manyan manyan manyan motoci kamar manyan motocin fasinja na jirgin ƙasa masu sauri, manyan motoci masu tsayi zuwa tsayi, kwamfutoci, na'urorin sanyaya iska, da manyan injinan birgima a asali. dogara da shigo da kaya.

Haɓaka fasahar masana'anta na cikin gida da fasahar kayan aiki yana jinkirin, ƙimar sarrafa lambobi na juyawa ba shi da ƙasa, kuma matakin injin niƙa yana da ƙasa. Akwai layukan samar da atomatik sama da 200 a cikin ƙasar. Babban matakan kula da zafi da kayan aiki waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don ɗaukar rayuwa da aminci, kamar dumama kariya ta yanayi mai sarrafawa, gyare-gyare biyu, da bainite quenching, suna da ƙarancin ɗaukar hoto, kuma yawancin matsalolin fasaha ba a shawo kan su ba.

Binciken da ci gaba da sababbin nau'o'in ƙarfe na ƙarfe, haɓaka ingancin ƙarfe, da haɓaka fasahar da ke da alaƙa irin su lubrication, sanyaya, tsaftacewa da kayan aikin abrasive ba su iya cika buƙatun ɗaukar matakan samfur da haɓaka inganci ba.

Ɗaukar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa mafi zurfi na gama gari a matsayin misali, ainihin rayuwar samfuran ci-gaba na ƙasashen waje gabaɗaya fiye da sau 8 na rayuwar ƙididdigewa, har zuwa fiye da sau 30, kuma amincin ya fi 98%.

Rayuwar bearings na gida gabaɗaya shine sau 3 zuwa 5 na rayuwar ƙididdigewa, kuma amincin shine kusan 96%. Har yanzu gibin yana da matukar muhimmanci. Ga injinan wasanni na yau da kullun, matsalar ba ta da girma. Duk da haka, yana da wahala a karɓa a cikin babban filin, don haka jiragen sama na cikin gida, na'urorin dogo masu sauri, na'ura mai kwakwalwa, da dai sauransu galibi ana shigo da su daga waje.

03 Babban jirgin ƙasa mai sauri, manyan jiragen sama, manyan makamai da sauran kayan aiki masu tsayi suna da tsayin daka.

amma don saduwa da buƙatun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun daidaito, aiki, rayuwa da aminci, inganci da amincin kayan aiki sune mahimmancin mahimmanci.

Saboda saurin jujjuya abu mai girma, sassa daban-daban na abin da aka ɗagawa suna fuskantar matsananciyar maɓalli da mitar mita. Gabaɗaya, matsa lamba a kowane yanki yana da girma kamar 1500 zuwa 5000N a kowace murabba'in milimita. A karkashin waɗannan dalilai, ɗaukar nauyi yana da wuyar gajiyar damuwa, wanda zai iya haifar da kwasfa na gajiya Ƙarƙashin ya rasa aikinsa, kuma a lokaci guda, na'urar na'urar tana buƙatar jure wa abubuwa kamar ƙarfin centrifugal, gogayya, zafi mai zafi, lalata, da dai sauransu. Wannan kuma ya sa ya zama dole a yi amfani da ƙarfe mai kyau don yin ɗamara.

Daga cikin manyan abubuwa guda hudu na bidi'o'i, ban da mai riƙewa, zobe na ciki, na waje, da abubuwan nadi (ƙwallaye, rollers, ko allura) sun ƙunshi ƙarfe mai ɗaukar nauyi, kuma ƙarfe mai ɗaukar nauyi ana kiransa "sarkin ƙarfe" Is. mafi wuya karfe sa a karfe samar.

Ingancin ƙarfin ƙarfe ya dogara ne akan abubuwa huɗu masu zuwa: ɗaya shine abun ciki, ilimin halittar jiki, rarrabawa da girman haɗaɗɗen ƙarfe; na biyu shine abun ciki, ilimin halittar jiki, rarrabawa da girman carbide a cikin karfe; na uku shine sassaucin tsakiya na tsakiya a cikin Ramin karfe da tsakiya; Na hudu, daidaiton aikin samfur na ƙarfe. Ana iya taƙaita waɗannan abubuwa guda huɗu a matsayin alamomin tsabta da daidaito.

Daga cikin su, tsarkakewa yana buƙatar cewa abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin kayan sun kasance kadan kamar yadda zai yiwu, ingancin tsabta yana da tasiri kai tsaye ga gajiyawar rayuwa; yayin da daidaituwa yana buƙatar haɗakarwa da ƙwayoyin carbide a cikin kayan don zama lafiya da tarwatsawa, wanda zai haifar da lalacewar lalacewa da daidaituwar tsari bayan maganin zafi a cikin masana'anta.

Tsarin kera shaft na ƙasarmu yana kusa da matakin farko na duniya, amma kayan - wato, babban ƙarfe mai ɗaukar ƙarfe kusan gaba ɗaya ana shigo da shi daga waje.

"PPM" shine naúrar abun ciki na iskar oxygen a aikin ƙarfe, ma'ana sassa akan miliyan ko sassa akan miliyan. Gabaɗaya magana, a cikin masana'antar ƙarfe, ƙarfe na 8 PPM ƙarfe ne mai kyau; 5 PPM karafa sune manyan ƙarfe na sama, waɗanda daidai suke da abin da manyan bearings ke buƙata.

R & D, masana'antu da tallace-tallace na manyan karafa masu ɗaukar nauyi sune manyan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu ɗaukar nauyi na duniya US Timken da Sweden SKF. A 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, sun kafa sansani a Yantai, Shandong da Jinan, sun sayi kayayyaki marasa tsada daga kasar Sin, sun yi amfani da fasaharsu wajen kera manyan kaya, kuma sun sayar da su ga kasuwannin kasar Sin a kan farashi sau goma.

Ƙarin ƙasa da ba kasafai ba a cikin tsarin ƙera ƙarfe na iya sa ainihin ƙarfe mai inganci ya zama “ƙarfi”. Amma yadda ake ƙarawa, wannan shine ainihin sirrin ƙattai masu ɗaukar nauyi a duniya.

Kwanan nan, tawagar binciken kwaikwaiyon kayan masarufi na cibiyar nazarin karafa ta kwalejin kimiyya ta kasar Sin, ta gano cewa, kazanta, ita ce babbar hanyar da ba ta dace ba, ta hanyar rarraba jiki da lissafin manyan ingot din karfe guda mai nauyin ton 100. Bugu da kari na musamman na fasaha zuwa karfe karya ta hanyar fasaha kwalban aikace-aikace na masana'antu aikace-aikace na rare ƙasa a cikin karfe, da kuma gane da tsari gaba da kuma barga yi bayan ƙara rare kasa zuwa karfe.

Ɗaukar nauyin NSK na Jafananci a matsayin misali, ya fara haɓakawa da kera bearings daga ƙwararrun kimiyyar asali, tare da fasahar tribological, fasahar kayan abu, fasahar mechatronics da fasahar nazari a matsayin manyan fasahohi guda huɗu.

Daidai saboda wannan ruhin R&D mara misaltuwa ne NSK ta samo asali daga wani kamfani na mashin ɗin Jafananci zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan darajar duniya.

Kasarmu ta sami damar yin karfe mai kyau, abu na gaba shi ne yadda za a yi amfani da shi a cikin bearings. Har ila yau, ƙananan bearings sun haɗa da matsalolin fasaha a cikin kayan aiki, ƙira, mashin ɗin ƙira, masana'anta masu ɗaukar nauyi, da wasu batutuwa daban-daban kamar gajiya da lalacewa, Lubrication, da dai sauransu, don haka har yanzu akwai wani tazara tsakanin Sin da babban matsayi. fasaha.

Shiga wannan labarin ： Wahalar kera manyan bearings

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